Microglia: Development of a human in vitro model, analysis of motility and effects of phagocytosis in the hippocampal neurogenic niche

135 p.This PhD Thesis discusses several topics related to microglia, the resident macrophages of the brain parenchyma. They are derived from yolk sack primitive macrophages that colonize the brain early during embryonic development. Microglia contribute to the correct development and functioning of the central nervous system with their multiple functions, including their role as phagocytes clearing the brain parenchyma from apoptotic cells and protein aggregates. Microglia are also involved in most neurological and neurodegenerative diseases, especially since genome-wide association studies have found that many microglia-specific genes are significant risk factors for neurodegenerative diseases. This PhD Thesis focusses on two aspects of microglial physiology. First, on the development of human models of microglia and their importance in the use of microglia as a therapeutic target in neurodegenerative diseases. Finally, on microglial process motility and phagocytosis, two essential functions of homeostatic microglia that can become compromised in pathology. This thesis defines a method for the semi-automated analysis of microglia in 3D and how inflammation affects microglial motility. This thesis also shows how an impairment of phagocytosis in the adult neurogenic niche negatively affects the neurogenic cascade suggesting a crosstalk between microglia and neural progenitor cells

Alzheimer's Risk Gene TREM2 Determines Functional Properties of New Type of Human iPSC-Derived Microglia

Microglia are key in the homeostatic well-being of the brain and microglial dysfunction has been implicated in neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Due to the many limitations to study microglia in situ or isolated for large scale drug discovery applications, there is a high need to develop robust and scalable human cellular models of microglia with reliable translatability to the disease. Here, we describe the generation of microglia-like cells from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) with distinct phenotypes for mechanistic studies in AD. We started out from an established differentiation protocol to generate primitive macrophage precursors mimicking the yolk sac ontogeny of microglia. Subsequently, we tested 36 differentiation conditions for the cells in monoculture where we exposed them to various combinations of media, morphogens, and extracellular matrices. The optimized protocol generated robustly ramified cells expressing key microglial markers. Bulk mRNA sequencing expression profiles revealed that compared to cells obtained in co-culture with neurons, microglia-like cells derived from a monoculture condition upregulate mRNA levels for Triggering Receptor Expressed On Myeloid Cells 2 (TREM2), which is reminiscent to the previously described disease-associated microglia. TREM2 is a risk gene for AD and an important regulator of microglia. The regulatory function of TREM2 in these cells was confirmed by comparing wild type with isogenic TREM2 knock-out iPSC microglia. The TREM2-deficient cells presented with stronger increase in free cytosolic calcium upon stimulation with ATP and ADP, as well as stronger migration towards complement C5a, compared to TREM2 expressing cells. The functional differences were associated with gene expression modulation of key regulators of microglia. In conclusion, we have established and validated a work stream to generate functional human iPSC-derived microglia-like cells by applying a directed and neuronal co-culture independent differentiation towards functional phenotypes in the context of AD. These cells can now be applied to study AD-related disease settings and to perform compound screening and testing for drug discoverySG was supported by the Roche Postdoctoral Fellowship (RPF) program and IP by the Roche Internships for Scientific Exchange (RiSE) progra

Monitoring SARS-CoV-2 variant transitions using differences in diagnostic cycle threshold values of target genes

Monitoring the emergence of new SARS-CoV-2 variants is important to detect potential risks of increased transmission or disease severity. We investigated the identification of SARS-CoV-2 variants from real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) routine diagnostics data. Cycle threshold (Ct) values of positive samples were collected from April 2021 to January 2022 in the Northern Metropolitan Area of Barcelona (n = 15,254). Viral lineage identification from whole genome sequencing (WGS) was available for 4618 (30.3%) of these samples. Pairwise differences in the Ct values between gene targets (ΔCt) were analyzed for variants of concern or interest circulating in our area. A specific delay in the Ct of the N-gene compared to the RdRp-gene (ΔCt) was observed for Alpha, Delta, Eta and Omicron. Temporal differences in ΔCt correlated with the dynamics of viral replacement of Alpha by Delta and of Delta by Omicron according to WGS results. Using ΔCt, prediction of new variants of concern at early stages of circulation was achieved with high sensitivity and specificity (91.1% and 97.8% for Delta; 98.5% and 90.8% for Omicron). Thus, tracking population-wide trends in ΔCt values obtained from routine diagnostics testing in combination with WGS could be useful for real-time management and response to local epidemics

Joint EVS/WVS 2017-2022 Dataset (Joint EVS/WVS)

1. Lebenswahrnehmung: Bedeutung von Familie, Freunden, Freizeit, Politik, Arbeit und Religion; Glücksgefühl; Selbsteinschätzung des Gesundheitszustandes; Lebenszufriedenheit; interne oder externe Kontrolle; Bedeutung von Bildungszielen: erwünschte Eigenschaften von Kindern; Mitgliedschaft in freiwilligen Organisationen (religiöse Organisationen, kulturelle Aktivitäten, Gewerkschaften, politische Parteien oder Gruppen, Naturschutz, Umwelt, Ökologie, Tierrechte, Berufsverbände, Sport, Erholung, Verbrauchergruppen oder andere Gruppen); Mitgliedschaft in humanitären oder karitativen Organisationen, Selbsthilfegruppen oder gegenseitige Hilfe; Toleranz gegenüber Minderheiten (Menschen einer anderen Rasse, starke Trinker, Immigranten/Ausländer, Drogenabhängige, Homosexuelle - soziale Distanz); Vertrauen in Menschen; Schutz der Umwelt vs. wirtschaftliches Wachstum. 2. Arbeit: Einstellung zur Arbeit (Menschen, die nicht arbeiten, werden faul, Arbeit ist eine Pflicht gegenüber der Gesellschaft, die Arbeit steht immer an erster Stelle); Arbeit ist knapp: Männer sollten mehr Recht auf einen Arbeitsplatz haben als Frauen (3-Punkte-Skala und 5-Punkte-Skala), Arbeitgeber sollten Menschen (der Nation) Vorrang vor Einwanderern geben (3-Punkte-Skala und 5-Punkte-Skala). 3. Religion und Moral: Religionszugehörigkeit; derzeitige Häufigkeit des Besuchs von Gottesdiensten; Häufigkeit des Gebets (WVS7); außerhalb der Gottesdienste zu Gott beten (EVS5); Selbsteinschätzung der Religiosität; Glaube an Gott, Leben nach dem Tod, Hölle und Himmel; Bedeutung Gottes im eigenen Leben; moralische Einstellungen (Skala: Inanspruchnahme staatlicher Leistungen ohne Anspruch, Umgehung von Fahrgeldern in öffentlichen Verkehrsmitteln, Steuerbetrug, Annahme von Bestechungsgeldern, Homosexualität, Prostitution, Abtreibung, Scheidung, Euthanasie, Selbstmord, Gelegenheitssex, politische Gewalt, Todesstrafe). 4. Familie: Einstellung zum traditionellen Verständnis der eigenen Rolle von Mann und Frau in Beruf und Familie (Geschlechterrollen); homosexuelle Paare sind genauso gute Eltern wie andere Paare; Pflicht gegenüber der Gesellschaft, Kinder zu haben; es ist die Pflicht des Kindes, sich um den kranken Elternteil zu kümmern; eines der Hauptziele im Leben ist es, die eigenen Eltern stolz zu machen. 5. Politik und Gesellschaft: wichtigste Ziele des Landes für die nächsten zehn Jahre (erste Wahl, zweite Wahl), Ziele des Befragten (erste Wahl, zweite Wahl)); postmaterialistischer Index 4; Bereitschaft, für das Land zu kämpfen; Erwartungen an die zukünftige Entwicklung (weniger Bedeutung von Arbeit und größerer Respekt vor Autorität); politisches Interesse; politische Partizipation (politische Aktion: Unterzeichnung einer Petition, Teilnahme an Boykotten, Teilnahme an rechtmäßigen/friedlichen Demonstrationen, Teilnahme an inoffiziellen Streiks); politische Selbsteinstufung; gleiches Einkommen vs. Anreize für individuelle Anstrengung; privates vs. staatliches Eigentum an Unternehmen und Industrie; individuelle vs. staatliche Verantwortung für die Versorgung; Wettbewerb ist gut vs. schädlich für die Menschen; Vertrauen in Institutionen (Kirchen, Streitkräfte, Presse, Gewerkschaften, Polizei, Parlament, öffentliche Dienste, große regionale Organisationen (kombiniert aus länderspezifischen), die Europäische Union, die Regierung, die politischen Parteien, Großunternehmen, die Umweltschutzbewegung, Justiz/Gerichte, die Vereinten Nationen); Zufriedenheit mit dem politischen System des Landes; bevorzugte Art des politischen Systems (starker Führer, Expertenentscheidungen, Armee sollte das Land regieren, oder Demokratie); Partei, für die der Befragte stimmen würde: erste Wahl (WVS); politische Partei mit der größten Anziehungskraft (ISO 3166-1) (EVS5); wesentliche Merkmale der Demokratie; Bedeutung der Demokratie für den Befragten; Bewertung der Demokratie im eigenen Land; Stimmabgabe bei Wahlen auf lokaler und nationaler Ebene; Bewertung der Wahlen im eigenen Land (Stimmen werden fair ausgezählt, Oppositionskandidaten werden an der Kandidatur gehindert, Fernsehnachrichten begünstigen die Regierungspartei, Wähler werden bestochen, Journalisten sorgen für eine faire Berichterstattung über die Wahlen, Wahlbeamte sind fair, Reiche kaufen Wahlen, Wähler werden mit Gewalt an den Urnen bedroht); Meinung über das Recht der Regierung zur Videoüberwachung von Menschen in öffentlichen Bereichen, alle E-Mails und alle anderen im Internet ausgetauschten Informationen zu überwachen, Informationen über jeden, der im Land lebt ohne dessen Wissen zu sammeln. 6. Nationale Identität: Vertrauen in Menschen aus verschiedenen Gruppen (Familie, Nachbarschaft, persönlich bekannte Personen, Menschen, denen man zum ersten Mal begegnet, Menschen einer anderen Religion und Menschen einer anderen Nationalität); Staatsbürger des Landes; Nationalstolz; Bewertung der Auswirkungen von Einwanderern auf die Entwicklung des Landes; geographische Gruppe, der sich der Befragte zugehörig fühlt (Kontinent, z.B. Europa, Asien usw., Welt, Dorf, Stadt, Landkreis, Region, Bezirk, Land). Demographie: Geschlecht; Alter; umkodiertes Alter (6 Intervalle und 3 Intervalle); Befragter ist Einwanderer/ im Befragungsland geboren; Geburtsland (ISO 3166-1-Code, ISO 3166-1/3 Alpha-Code); höchster Bildungsgrad (ISCED-Code einstellig); höchster Bildungsgrad (umkodiert); Erwerbsstatus; Institution des Berufs; Beruf/Branche (2-stellig ISCO08) (EVS5); Berufsgruppe (WVS7); Familienstand; Anzahl der Kinder; Anzahl der Personen im Haushalt (Haushaltsgröße); Zusammenleben mit den Eltern; Einkommensskala (WVS7), Einkommensskala (EVS5). Informationen über den Partner/Ehepartner: höchster Bildungsgrad (ISCED-Code einstellig); höchster Bildungsgrad (rekodiert); Erwerbsstatus; Beruf/Branche (2-stellig ISCO08) (EVS5); Berufsgruppe (WVS7). Informationen über die Eltern der Befragten: im Land geborener Vater und im Land geborene Mutter; Geburtsland von Vater und Mutter (ISO 3166-1-Code, ISO 3166-1/3-Alpha-Code); höchster Bildungsgrad von Vater und Mutter (ISCED-Code einstellig); höchster Bildungsgrad von Vater und Mutter (umkodiert); Berufsgruppe des Vaters des Befragten (EVS5-Hauptverdiener) (Befragter 14 Jahre alt). Interviewerbewertung: Interesse des Befragten während des Interviews. Zusätzlich kodiert: Studie; Welle; Version des Joint EVS/WVS; Version der EVS5- und WVS7-Quelldateien; Quelle des Joint EVS/WVS; einheitliche Befragtennummer (Joint); Interviewer-Nummer; Ländercode (ISO 3166-1 Numerischer Code und ISO 3166-1 Alpha-2-Code); Land (CoW Numerischer Code); Erhebungsjahr; Jahr/Monat des Beginns der Feldarbeit; Jahr/Monat des Endes der Feldarbeit; Land - Jahr; Modus der Datenerhebung; gemischter Modus/Matrixdesign (EVS5); Modus der Datenerhebung (Follow-up) (EVS5); Matrixattribution (Gruppe/Variablenblock) (EVS5); Jahr/Monat des Beginns der Feldarbeit (Matrixdesign) (EVS5); Jahr/Monat des Endes der Feldarbeit (Matrixdesign) (EVS5); Erhebungsjahr (Follow-up) (EVS5); Gesamtlänge des Interviews (Startstunde und Startminute, Endstunde und Endminute); Datum des Interviews; Datum des Interviews (Follow-up) (EVS5); Zeit des Interviews - Beginn (konstruiert) (Follow-up) (EVS5); Zeit des Interviews - Ende (konstruiert) (Follow-up) (EVS5); Sprache des Interviews (WVS/EVS-Sprachenliste); Sprache des Interviews (ISO 639-1 alpha-2 / 639-2 alpha 3); Gewichtungsfaktoren (Kalibrierungsgewichte, Gewicht der Bevölkerungsgröße, äquilibriertes Gewicht - 1000); Region, in der das Interview durchgeführt wurde (NUTS-1); Region, in der das Interview durchgeführt wurde (NUTS-2); Region, in der das Interview durchgeführt wurde (ISO); Größe der Stadt, in der das Interview durchgeführt wurde (5 Kategorien).,1. Perceptions of life: importance of family, friends, leisure time, politics, work, and religion; feeling of happiness; self-assessment of state of health; satisfaction with life; internal or external control; importance of educational goals: desirable qualities of children; membership in voluntary organisations (religious organisations, cultural activities, trade unions, political parties or groups, conservation, environment, ecology, animal rights, professional associations, sports, recreation, consumer groups, or other groups); membership in humanitarian or charitable organisation, self-help group or mutual aid; tolerance towards minorities (people of a different race, heavy drinkers, immigrants/ foreign workers, drug addicts, homosexuals - social distance); trust in people; protecting the environment vs. economic growth. 2. Work: attitude towards work (people who don’t work turn lazy, work is a duty towards society, work always comes first); job scarce: men should have more right to a job than women (3-point scale and 5-point scale), employers should give priority to (nation) people than immigrants (3-point scale and 5-point scale). 3. Religion and morale: religious denomination; current frequency of religious services attendance; frequency of prayer (WVS7); pray to God outside of religious services (EVS5); self-assessment of religiousness; belief in God, life after death, hell, and heaven; importance of God in one´s life; morale attitudes (scale: claiming government benefits without entitlement, avoiding a fare on public transport, cheating on taxes, accepting a bribe, homosexuality, prostitution, abortion, divorce, euthanasia, suicide, having casual sex, political violence, death penalty). 4. Family: attitude towards traditional understanding of one´s role of man and woman in occupation and family (gender roles); homosexual couples are as good parents as other couples; duty towards society to have children; it is child´s duty to take care of ill parent; one of main goals in life has been to make own parents proud. 5. Politics and society: most important aims of the country for the next ten years (first choice, second choice), aims of the respondent (first choice, second choice)); post-materialist index 4-item; willingness to fight for the country; expectation of future development (less importance placed on work and greater respect for authority); political interest; political participation (political action: signing a petition, joining in boycotts, attending lawful/ peaceful demonstrations, joining unofficial strikes); self positioning in political scale; equal incomes vs. incentives for individual effort; private vs. state ownership of business and industry; individual vs. government responsibility for providing; competition good vs. harmful for people; confidence in institutions (churches, armed forces, the press, labour unions, the police, parliament, the civil services, major regional organisations (combined from country-specific), the European Union, the government, the political parties, major companies, the environmental protection movement, justice system/ courts, the United Nations); satisfaction with the political system in the country; preferred type of political system (strong leader, expert decisions, army should rule the country, or democracy); party the respondent would vote for: first choice (WVS); political party with the most appeal (ISO 3166-1) (EVS5); essential characteristics of democracy; importance of democracy for the respondent; rating democracy in own country; vote in elections on local level and on national level; assessment of country´s elections (votes are counted fairly, opposition candidates are prevented from running, TV news favors the governing party, voters are bribed, journalists provide fair coverage of elections, election officials are fair, rich people buy elections, voters are threatened with violence at the polls); opinion on the government´s right to keep people under video surveillance in public areas, to monitor all e-mails and any other information exchanged on the Internet, to collect information about anyone living in the country without their knowledge. 6. National Identity: trust in people from various groups (family, neighborhood, personally known people, people you meet for the first time, people of another religion, and people of another nationality); citizen of the country; national pride; evaluation of the impact of immigrants on the country´s development; geographical group the respondent feels belonging to (continent, e.g. Europe, Asia etc., world, village, town or city, county, region, district, country). Demography: sex; age; age recoded (6 intervals and 3 intervals); respondent immigrant/ born in the country of interview; country of birth (ISO 3166-1 code, ISO 3166-1/3 Alpha code); highest educational level (ISCED-code one digit); highest educational level (recoded); employment status; Institution of occupation; job profession/ industry (2 digit ISCO08) (EVS5); occupational group (WVS7); marital status; number of children; number of people in the household (household size); living together with parents; scale of incomes (WVS7), scale of incomes (EVS5). Information on partner/spouse: highest educational level (ISCED-code one digit); highest educational level (recoded); employment status; job profession/ industry (2 digit ISCO08) (EVS5); occupational group (WVS7). Information on respondent’s parents: father and mother born in the country; country of birth of father and mother (ISO 3166-1 code, ISO 3166-1/3 Alpha code); highest educational level of father and mother (ISCED code one digit); highest educational level of father and mother (recoded); occupational group of respondent’s father (EVS5-main earner) (respondent 14 years old). Interviewer rating: respondent´s interest during the interview. Additionally encoded: study; wave; version of Joint EVS/WVS; version of EVS5 und WVS7 source data files; source of the Joint EVS/WVS; unified respondent number (Joint); interviewer number; country code (ISO 3166-1 Numeric code and ISO 3166-1 Alpha-2 code); country (CoW Numeric code); year of survey; year/month of start of fieldwork; year/month of end of fieldwork; country – year; mode of data collection; mixed mode/ matrix design (EVS5); mode of data collection (follow up) (EVS5); matrix attribution (group/variable bloc) (EVS5); year/ month of start of fieldwork (matrix design) EVS5); year/ month of end of fieldwork (matrix design) (EVS5); survey year (follow up) (EVS5); total length of the interview (start hour and start minute, end hour and end minute); date of the interview; date of the interview (follow up) (EVS5); time of the interview – start (constructed) (follow up) (EVS5); time of the interview – end (constructed) (follow up) (EVS5); language of the interview (WVS/EVS list of languages); language of interview (ISO 639-1 alpha-2 / 639-2 alpha 3); weighting factors (calibration weights, population size weight, equilibrated weight-1000); region where the interview was conducted (NUTS-1); region where the interview was conducted (NUTS-2); region where the interview was conducted (ISO); size of town where the interview was conducted (5 categories).,The European Values Study (EVS) and the World Values Survey (WVS) are two large-scale, cross-national and longitudinal survey research programmes. They include a large number of questions on moral, religious, social, political, occupational and family values which have been replicated since the early eighties. Both organizations agreed to cooperate in joint data collection from 2017. EVS has been responsible for planning and conducting surveys in European countries, using the EVS questionnaire and EVS methodological guidelines. WVSA has been responsible for planning and conducting surveys in countries in the world outside Europe, using the WVS questionnaire and WVS methodological guidelines. Both organisations developed their draft master questionnaires independently. The joint items define the Common Core of both questionnaires. The Joint EVS/WVS is constructed from the two EVS and WVS source datasets: - European Values Study 2017 Integrated Dataset (EVS 2017), ZA7500 Data file Version 5.0.0, doi:10.4232/1.13897 (https://doi.org/10.4232/1.13897). - World Values Survey: Round Seven–Country-Pooled Datafile. Version 5.0.0, doi: 10.14281/18241.20,EVS 2017: Mode of collection: mixed mode Face-to-face interview: CAPI (Computer Assisted Personal Interview) Face-to-face interview: PAPI (Paper and Pencil Interview) Telephone interview: CATI (Computer Assisted Telephone Interview) Self-administered questionnaire: CAWI (Computer-Assisted Web Interview) Self-administered questionnaire: Paper In all countries, fieldwork was conducted on the basis of detailed and uniform instructions prepared by the EVS advisory groups. The main mode in EVS 2017 is face to face (interviewer-administered). An alternative self-administered form was possible but as a parallel mixed mode, i.e. there was no choice for the respondent between modes: either s/he was assigned to face to face, either s/he was assigned to web or web/mail format. In all countries included in the first pre-release, the EVS questionnaire was administered as face-to-face interview (CAPI or/and PAPI). The EVS 2017 Master Questionnaire was provided in English and each national Programme Director had to ensure that the questionnaire was translated into all the languages spoken by 5% or more of the population in the country. A central team monitored the translation process by means of the Translation Management Tool (TMT), developed by CentERdata (Tilburg). WVS wave 7: Mode of collection: mixed mode Face-to-face interview: CAPI (Computer Assisted Personal Interview) Face-to-face interview: PAPI (Paper and Pencil Interview) Telephone interview: CATI (Computer Assisted Telephone Interview) Self-administered questionnaire: CAWI (Computer-Assisted Web Interview) Self-administered questionnaire: Paper Web-based interview In all countries, fieldwork was conducted on the basis of detailed and uniform instructions prepared by the WVS scientific advisory committee and WVSA secretariat. The main data collection mode in WVS 2017-2022 is face to face (interviewer-administered) with a printed (PAPI) or electronic (CAPI) questionnaire. Several countries employed self-administered interview or mixed-mode approach to data collection: Australia (CAWI; postal survey); Canada (CAWI); Great Britain (CAPI; CAWI; postal survey; web-based interview (Video interviewing); Hong Kong SAR (PAPI; CAWI); Malaysia (CAWI; PAPI); Netherlands (CAWI); Northern Ireland (CAPI; CAWI; postal survey; web-based interview (Video interviewing); USA (CAWI; CATI). The WVS Master Questionnaire was provided in English, Arabic, Russian and Spanish. Each national survey team had to ensure that the questionnaire was translated into all the languages spoken by 15% or more of the population in the country. WVSA Secretariat and Data archive monitored the translation process; every translation is subject to multi-stage validation procedure before the fieldwork can be started.,EVS 2017: Mixed-Mode-Erhebungsverfahren Persönliches Interview: CAPI (Computerunterstützte persönliche Befragung) Persönliches Interview: PAPI (Papierfragebogen) Telefonisches Interview: CATI (Computerunterstützte telefonische Befragung) Selbstausfüller: CAWI (Computerunterstütztes Web-Interview) Selbstausfüller: Papier In allen Ländern wurde die Feldarbeit auf der Grundlage detaillierter und einheitlicher Anweisungen der EVS-Beratergruppen durchgeführt. Der Hauptmodus in EVS 2017 ist Face-to-Face (vom Interviewer ausgefüllt). Eine alternative Selbstausfüller-Form war möglich, aber als paralleler Mischmodus, d.h. es gab keine Wahlmöglichkeit für den Befragten zwischen den Modi: Entweder er/sie wurde persönlich zugewiesen, oder er/sie wurde dem Web- oder Web-/Mail-Format zugeordnet. In allen Ländern, die in die erste Vorabveröffentlichung einbezogen waren, wurde der EVS-Fragebogen als Face-to-Face-Interview (CAPI oder/und PAPI) durchgeführt. Der EVS-Masterfragebogen 2017 wurde in englischer Sprache bereitgestellt, und jeder nationale Programmdirektor musste sicherstellen, dass der Fragebogen in alle Sprachen übersetzt wurde, die von 5% oder mehr der Bevölkerung des Landes gesprochen wurden. Ein zentrales Team überwachte den Übersetzungsprozess mit Hilfe des Translation Management Tools (TMT), das von CentERdata (Tilburg) entwickelt wurde. WVS7: Mixed-Mode-Erhebungsverfahren Persönliches Interview: CAPI (Computerunterstützte persönliche Befragung) Persönliches Interview: PAPI (Papierfragebogen) Telefonisches Interview: CATI (Computerunterstützte telefonische Befragung) Selbstausfüller: CAWI (Computerunterstütztes Web-Interview) Selbstausfüller: Papier Webbasiertes Interview In allen Ländern wurde die Feldarbeit auf der Grundlage detaillierter und einheitlicher Anweisungen durchgeführt, die vom wissenschaftlichen Beirat der WVS und dem Sekretariat der WVSA erstellt wurden. Der Hauptmodus der Datenerhebung in der WVS 2017-2022 ist die persönliche Befragung (interviewer-administered). Einige Länder verwendeten selbstadministrierte Interviews oder einen gemischten Modus für die Datenerhebung: Australien (CAWI; postalische Befragung); Kanada (CAWI); Gro&sz